1. $f(x)$ and $f(x) – 7$

   Answer (a):

   Since $f(x)$ is the y-coordinate, the transformation has each y-coordinate moved down $7$ units.

b.$g(x)$ and $g(x) + 15$

3. $h(x) = 9x + 3$ and $j(x) = 9x + 16$

   Hint (c):

   What is the only difference between the two functions?

4. $k(x)=5^x$ and $n(x)=5^x-4$

   Answer (d):

   $n(x)$ is shifted down four units.